an tadi ane belanja ke warung terus di kasih kembalian uang logam 1000 tp ane baru liat gan kali aja agan2 juga ada yg belum tau

Operasi merupakan terminologi untuk menyebut suatu tindakan pembedahan yang dilakukan oleh para tenaga medis.

Kata operasi (to operate) memiliki banyak pengertian antara lain :
to function or cause to function
to control the functioning of operate a machine
to manage, direct, run, or pursue (a business, system, etc.)
to perform a surgical operation (upon a person or animal)
to produce a desired or intended effect

Adapun bidang yang menangani tindakan operasi ini disebut Surgery, dan ahli surgery disebut Surgeon (ahli bedah).
Saat seorang pasien diputuskan untuk dilakukan operasi terhadapnya, tentunya bukan keputusan yang mudah, juga bukan keputusan yang menggembirakan. Tindak pembedahan tentunya identik dengan rasa sakit sebelum dan sesudah operasi. Belum lagi efek samping yang mungkin saja terjadi di belakang hari nanti. Berikut ini adalah 8 alasan mengapa orang takut dioperasi.

1. Takut mati


2. Takut operasi tidak menyembuhkan

3. Takut tidak sanggup menanggung biaya operasi

4. Takut efek samping pasca operasi

5. Takut menjadi cacat (contoh amputasi, pengangkatan payudara, dan sebagainya)

6. Takut tidak bisa hidup secara normal lagi

7. Takut menjadi sorotan teman, keluarga, publik, dan sebagainya

8. Takut alat operasi tertinggal di dalam tubuh

10.wiley post & will rogers(1898 -1935, 1879 – 1935)
wiley post yang merupakan pilot pertama yang terbang solo di seluruh dunia dan baik temannya will rogers seorang pelawak terkenal dan humoris. Mereka berangkat untuk terbang di seluruh dunia bersama-sama. Foto ini (yang will rogers di topi dan dasi, berdiri di sayap) diambil pada 15 agustus 1935 sesaat sebelum lepas landas dari laguna dekat point barrow alaska. Selama percobaan take off pesawat lockheed post jatuh di laut explorer.gagal mesin membunuh kedua laki-laki tersebut.
fakta menarik: Ketika istri biggart mencapai dia di telepon genggamnya tak lama setelah menara pertama jatuh. Dia mengatakan dia tidak perlu khawatir, dan akan bertemu dalam 20 menit di studio-nya. "aku aman," dia meyakinkan dirinya, "aku dengan petugas pemadam kebakaran." itu adalah terakhir kali mereka pernah berbicara. Sekitar 20 menit kemudian, menara kedua runtuh

Apa yang dilakukan oleh tiga orang pelajar tingkat Sekolah Menengah Atas (SMA) ini benar-benar telah mencoreng dunia pendidikan. Mereka menggilir alias menggauli seorang gadis di bawah umur secara bergiliran kemudian merekamnya dengan kamera Hand phone (HP).

Ketiganya adalah IK (15), siswa kelas II salah satu SMA di wilayah Kecamatan Plosoklaten, RI (16) dan SR (16), keduanya siswa kelas II salah satu Sekolah Tehnik Mesin (STM) di wilayah Kecamatan Pare, Kabupaten Kediri.

Mereka baru saja diamankan oleh anggota Buru Sergap (Buser) Polres Kediri. Kini ketiganya tengah menjalani pemeriksaan di ruang penyidik Unit Perempuan dan Anak (PPA)

Kasat Reskrim Polres Kediri AKP Rofiq Ripto Himawan mengatakan, ketiga pelaku diamankan dari rumahnya masing-masing. "Kami masih mengejar satu orang pelaku lain," kata Rofiq Ripto Himawan, Selasa (17/8/2010)

Berdasarkan informasi yang diperoleh beritajatim.com, korban nafsu tiga orang pelajar itu adalah AN (13), gadis asal Desa Kampung Baru, Kecamatan Kepung. AN adalah Anak Baru Gede (ABG) yang protol alias tidak tamat Sekolah Dasar (SD).

Adegan mesum secara bergiliran itu dilakukan tiga kali. Pertama pada Kamis (5/8/2010) lalu di sebuah tempat wisaya di Desa Sumber Pancu, Kecamatan Kepung.

Awalnya, AN (korban, red) melihat gerak jalan peringatan HUT RI ke-65 bersama ketiga pelaku di wilayah Kecamatan Kandangan. Sekitar pukul 15.30 WIB, keempatnya berniat pulang. Namun, IK (pelaku, red) tiba-tiba mengajak AN dan dua orang pelaku lain mampir di tempat wisata Sumber Gundik Karangan.

Tiba di lokasi, mereka memutuskan untuk melakukan adegan mesum. AN tidak menolak digauli dua orang temannya Rizal dan SR. Sementara IK, merekam seluruh adegan porno itu dengan sebuah kamera HP Nokia Type N 73. Setelah puas melakukan tindak asusila secara beramai-ramai, kemudian mereka pulang.

Tiga hari kemudian tepatnya pada Minggu (8/8/2010) lalu, mereka kembali melakukan hal yang sama. Namun, adegan yang kedua itu dilakukan di ruang tamu rumah RI, di Desa Kepung Timur, Kecamatan Kepung.

Bedanya, dalam adegan kedua itu, ada satu pelaku lain yang ikut menikmati AN, namun saat ini masih buron. Sedangkan, penyunting gambar tetap IK. IK juga menyimpan adegan kedua itu di dalam HP nya dengan nama file yang berbeda.

Serasa keenakan, mereka kembali mengulangi perbuatan terlarang itu. Ketiga kalinya pada Minggu 15/8/2010) di rumah RI. Rumah tersebut memang dianggap paling aman, karena sepi.

Dua aktor dan seorang artisnya tetap sama. Mereka melakukan kembali adegan tidak senonoh itu di ruang tamu rumah RI. Namun, ketiga kalinya itu tidak mereka diabadikan sebagaimana dua adegan sebelumnya.

Sementara tindak asusila pelajar dan seorang gadis di bawah umur itu terbongkar setelah menjadi buah bibir di sekolah. Video porno berdurasi sekitar 15 menit itu menyebar melalui fasilitas bluetooth ke sejumlah pelajar. Sampai akhirnya tercium polisi.

"Setelah heboh adanya video mesum pelajar SMA itu, kemudian kita melakukan penyelidikan. Kita berhasil mengenali aktor dan artis yang ada di dalam video tersebut. Akhirnya kita lakukan penangkapan," urai AKP Rofiq.

Sementara itu, IK, pelaku penyunting video porno itu mengaku mengambil gambar ketigga temannya yang tengah mesum karena ingin terkenal. Sementara dua pelaku lain mengaku karena terinspirasi video porno yang diduga diperankan oleh penyanyi Ariel Peterpan dengan dua artis dan bintang iklan cantik Luna Maya dan Cut Tari.(sumber: Beritajatim.com)

Patung pasir terbesar ini dibuat pada acara zhoushan sand sculpture festival di china. Patung pasir yang sangat detail ini mempunyai tinggi 22,43 meter, sehingga dinyatakan sebagai patung pasir terbesar di dunia. Perwakilan dari guinness book of records tiba di zhoushan, pada rabu, 29 september dan setelah melakukan pengukuran dengan hati-hati dan seksama, memastikan bahwa karya seni yg terbuat dari pasir ini akan masuk ke dalam buku rekor. Patung tersebut menggambarkan sebuah cerita tentang bagaimana seekor burung kolibri nigeria berhasil menjadi raja dari semua binatang. Patung dengan tinggi 22,43 meter tersebut dibuat oleh lebih dari 30 seniman dalam waktu 75 hari. Pada tahun ini festival patung pasir pasir di zhoushan memberikan kesempatan kepada para seniman untuk mengekspresikan diri mereka dalam tema “perjalanan ke afrika".

kejenakaan temen ane pas lagi dikirimin sms penipuan

ini sms si penipu



[SPOILER]

ini balesan temen ane

[SPOILER]


biarpun gak terlalu lucu tapi mudah2an bikin senyum

kalo mac user punya mouse gesture shortcut yang bisa dibilang paling keren sejagat buat saat ini, kita para windows lover yg laptopnya ga suport multitouch (kaya ane T_T) bisa pake shortcut keyboard yg nempel dilaptop atau pc kita semua gan

Windows 7 Keyboard Shortcut List

Win+UP Arrow :- Maximize windows

Win+Down Arrow :kalo windows agan posisi maximize, pencet sekali untuk posisi semula, dan tekan sekali lagi untuk meminimize

Win+Left Arrow :- mindahin posisi windows ke-kiri

Win+Right Arrrow :- mindahin posisi windows ke-kanan

Win+Home :- minimize semua windows kecuali yg windows yg lg aktip

Win+P :- membuka projection menu (buat agan2 yg pake monitor atau projektor dr laptopnya)

Alt+F4 :- nutup windows yg lg aktif

Alt+Tab :- mindahin ke windows sebelumnya

Alt+Esc :- Cycle through all open windows

Win+Tab :- Flip 3D (keren gaaan!! )

Ctrl+Win+Tab :- Persistent Flip 3D

Win+T :- nge preview windows yg ada di taskbar

Win+M :- Minimize all open windows

Win+Shift+M :- Undo all window minimization

Win+D :- Toggle showing the desktop

Jakarta - Wakil Ketua DPR Anis Matta menilai munculnya soal mengenai lagu ciptaan Presiden SBY dalam ujian CPNS sangat aneh. Anis menilai penyusunan soal ujian CPNS di Indonesia mulai tidak benar.

"Ini negara mulai lucu kalau soal lagu seperti itu masuk ke dalam tes CPNS," ujar Anis, sambil tersenyum kepada wartawan.

Pernyataan Anis ini menanggapi keluhan peserta ujian CPNS yang dihadapkan pada pertanyaan terkait lagu ciptaan Presiden SBY. Hal ini disampaikan Anis kepada wartawan di Gedung DPR, Senayan, Jakarta, Rabu (13/10/2010).

Menurut Anis, banyak soal ujian yang lebih layak diujikan dalam tes CPNS. Menurut dia, CPNS tidak harus memahami lagu ciptaan SBY yang relatif baru. "Harusnya lagu daerah  yang masuk, bukan lagu seperti itu," saran Sekjen DPP PKS itu.

Sebelumnya diberitakan, dalam tes tertulis CPNS yang digelar Kementerian Perdagangan (Kemendag), Rabu (12/8/2010), tercantum pertanyaan mengenai lagu ciptaan SBY. Kepada detikcom, peserta mengeluhkan adanya pertanyaan itu, karena memang dia tidak hafal lagu ciptaan SBY.

Dijadikan lagu ciptaan SBY sebagai soal ujian CPNS, mendatangkan tanggapan beragam. Komisi II DPR misalnya menilai bahwa lagu ciptaan SBY tidak pantas masuk dalam ujian CPNS. Ketua Komisi II DPR Chairuman Harahap juga mengimbau agar Kemendag memasukkan lagu daerah bukan lagu SBY dalam soal ujian CPNS.

Sebagian pihak lainnya menilai sangat berlebihan bila lagu ciptaan SBY masuk dalam soal ujian. Sementara, pihak Istana juga sudah menegaskan bahwa lagu SBY tidak sepantasnya masuk dalam ujian CPNS.

Soal ujian tentang lagu SBY itu ada di lembar soal berkode 11-01, di grup B. Pertanyaan itu ada pada soal bernomor antara 30-40. Pertanyaan itu merupakan soal multiple choice dengan pertanyaan, "Apa judul lagu ciptaan SBY yang masuk dalam album ketiga?". Pilihan jawabannya, antara lain Matahari Bersinar, Sinar Mentari, dan Mentari Bersinar.

Jakarta - DPR bersemangat memindahkan Ibukota dari Jakarta. Anggota DPR mulai mempersiapkan RUU untuk mengurus aturan pemindahan Ibukota.

"Sekarang kita siapkan kaukus pemindahan Ibukota yang anggotanya lintas fraksi. Kalau lancar kita akan menyiapkan naskah akademis UU Pemindahan Ibukota selesai tahun 2011," ujar sekretaris FPAN DPR, Teguh Juwarno, usai rapat fraksi di Gedung DPR, Senayan, Jakarta, Rabu (13/10/2010).

Menurut Teguh, hampir semua fraksi di DPR sudah sepakat mendorong pemindahan Ibukota. Setgab koalisi, menurut Teguh, juga memberi lampu hijau terhadap rencana ini.



"Pemindahan Ibukota bukanlah mimpi di siang bolong. Prinsipnya kita akan menggelindingkan wacana tersebut, apalagi Setgab tidak masalah karena SBY sudah menuturkan mendorong pemindahan Ibukota," terang Teguh.

Rencanya, menurut Teguh, Ibukota akan dipindahkan ke luar Jawa. Belum dipastikan dimana lokasi Ibukota baru yang akan didorong DPR.

"Ke luar Jawa, mengacu pendekatan geospasial pilihannya Kalimtan pesisir barat bagian selatan atau Sumatera pesisir timur," jelasnya.

Sebelumnya, Presiden SBY beberapa kali membahas rencana pemindahan Ibukota dalam rapat kabinet. Presiden SBY pun pernah berhitung pemindahan Ibukota butuh waktu 12 tahun.

1.Prof dr Eka Julianta Wahyoepramono



Sampai saat ini, Indonesia masih sangat kekurangan dokter ahli bedah. Dengan jumlah penduduk 240 juta jiwa, dokter ahli bedah yang dimiliki baru 120 orang atau rasionya 1 : 2 juta. Artinya, satu orang dokter bedah harus melayani 2 juta penduduk.

Dari jumlah yang sedikit itu, Prof dr Eka Julianta Wahyoepramono adalah salah satunya. Spesialisasinya pada ahli bedah syaraf (neurosurgeon), khususnya bedah batang otak, tentu saja membuat dr Eka Julianto makin menjadi orang dengan profesi yang langka di negeri ini.

Sebagai ahli bedah syaraf, nama dr Eka Julianta tak diragukan lagi. Reputasinya tidak hanya di tingkat nasional, tetapi sudah mendunia. Misalnya, dia adalah visiting professor di Harvard
University Medical School. Prestasi ini sampai saat ini belum bisa disamai oleh dokter-dokter Indonesia lainnya.

Alasan seperti itulah yang membuat Pitan Daslani kemudian menuliskan biografi dr Eka Julianta. Buku yang diberi judul Tinta Emas di Kanvas Dunia itu diluncurkan di Toko Buku Gramedia Matraman, Jakarta Timur.

Kenapa diberi judul "Tinta Emas"? Bukankah sebagai dokter bedah mestinya dr Eka biasa memegang pisau dan peralatan-peralatan bedah lainnya? Rupanya Pitan punya alasan sendiri. "Dokter Eka telah menorehkan tinta emas dalam sejarah kedokteran, ketika untuk pertama kalinya dokter Indonesia dijadikan sebagai referensi bagi dokter dan mahasiswa kedokteran di seluruh dunia," katanya.

Dr Eka Julianta Wahjoepramono adalah satu-satunya dokter yang mendapat rekor dari Museum Rekor Indonesia.
Ia tercatat sebagai dokter pertama dan satu-satunya di Indonesia yang berhasil membedah batang otak pasien. Sukses ini juga yang melambungkan namanya ke kancah internasional, dan disegani dokter-dokter bedah saraf dunia.

"Saat ini juga, Dokter Eka saya nyatakan dicatatkan di rekor Muri, karena prestasinya berhasil membedah batang otak," ujar pendiri Muri Jaya Suprana saat peluncuran buku biografi Dr Eka berjudul Tinta Emas di Kanvas Dunia di Toko Buku Gramedia, Matraman, Jakarta Timur.

Menurut Jaya Suprana, yang juga pemilik perusahaan Jamu Jago Indonesia, prestasi Dr Eka luar biasa. "Sepengetahuan saya, batang otak tidak boleh diutak-atik. Tabu. Saking tabunya, batang otak disebut urusan Tuhan. kalau Dokter Eka menjadi bisa mengutak-atik batang otak, berardi anda ini sudah bagian dari Tuhan," kata Jaya, yang dikenal sebagai pemusik dan suka melawak.

Penulis Buki Tinta Emas di Kanvas Dunia , Pitan Daslani mengatakan, sudah mengecek se-Asia, sejauh ini, baru Dr Eka yang pertama dan berhasil membedah batang otak.

Prestasi membedah otak berawal 20 Februari 2001. Ketika itu, Ardiansyah, warga Merak, Banten, datang dalam kondisi kritis. Buruh nelayan berusia sektiar 20 tahun itu datang dalam kondisi saraf-saraf lumpuh, kaki dan tangan lumpuh, mata pun melotot, napas tersengal-sengal. Setelah didiagnosa, Ardiansyah ini terkena tumor kavernoma yang telah pecah di pons atau batang otak.

"Saat itu, dunia termasuk dokter bedah saraf pun belum berani mengutak-atik batang otak. Karena kalau salah sedikit, pasti mati atau lumpuh. Tapi karena pilihannya mati atau hidup, saya beranikan diri membedah batang otak Pak Ardiansyah ini," ujar Dr Eka sambil menunjuk Ardiansyah yang berdiri di sampingnya.

Ardiansyah soerang yatim piatu. Saat itu dia datang diantar seorang kakaknya. Dalam peluncuran buku kemarin, ia juga memberi kesaksian. "Saya sudah pasrah, karena sakitnya. Alhamdulillah, dokter Eka ini dapat merawat. Saya ucapkan terima kasih," ujar Ardiansyah.

Selain Ardiansyah, ada lagi pasien miskin, Jumiati. Mahmud, suaminya, kepala sekolah swasta di Cengkareng, Jakarta Barat. Untuk memenuhi kebutuhan keuangan keluarga, Mahmud bekerja sambilan sebagai pemulung sampah. Operasi Ardiansyah dan Jumiati dilayani Dr Eka secara cuma-cuma di RS Siloam.

Bedah buku dipandu presenter Kick Andi, Andi F Noyo dengan pembicara Dr Eka, pendiri Museum Rekor Indonesia (Muri) Jaya Suprana, dan penulis buku Pitan Daslani. Sejumlah pasien yang berhasil diselamatkan hadir dan memberi kesaksian, keluarga mantan pasien yang gagal operasi dan meninggal pun tetap memuji karya dokter Eka.

Pasien lainnya, anggota TNI Angkatan Udara Kolonel Budi Laksono, mengatakan kesalutannya akan keberhasilan Dr Eka memulihkan kondisi kesehatannya dari serangan stroke. "Saya sudah 10 tahun menderita stroke. Dulu saya pilot TNI AU untuk pesawat Falcon-15 (F-15) dan F-16, dan Hercules. Walau tidak bisa lagi bermain-main di udara, saya bersyukur karena bisa karena bisa aktif di TNI AU sebai staf," ujar Budi.

Pujian lainnya dikemukakan Ny Lana Sarwono, janda Sarwono gagal saat mengalami operasi kedua kali. "Semula, saya mengalami pergulatan batin, mengapa Dokter Eka gagal menyelamatkan suami saya. Tetapi akhirnya saya dapat menerima, inilah takdir dari Tuhan dan saya mengikhlaskan suami saya pergi," kata Lana, sebelum menerima buku biografi Dr Eka berjudul Tinta Emas di Kanvas Dunia.

Lana melanjutkan, di balik kegagalan operasi otak suaminya, masih ada hikmah. Lana menandaskan, "Saya berharap kiranya Dokter Eka dapat menyelamatkan lebih banyak, ratusan bahkan ribuan orang penderita otak."

2. Prof. dr. Sri Suparyati, Sp.A.(K), Ph.D.,



Guru Besar Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Gajah Mada (UGM) menerima penghargaan internasional sebagai dokter spesialis anak terbaik dari Asosiasi Dokter Anak Asia-Pasifik atau APPA. Penghargaan Outstanding Asian Pediatric Award tersebut diterimanya akibat prestasi-prestasinya yang dianggap menonjol dalam penelitian mengenai penyakit diare pada anak selama tiga tahun terakhir. Penghargaan diberikan dalam konferensi APPA di Shanghai, China, yang berlangsung pada tanggal 4 – 18 Oktober 2009.

Penghargaan Outstanding Asian Pediatric Award sendiri diberikan setiap tiga tahun sekali. Pada tahun ini, Prof. dr. Sri Suparyati, Sp.A.(K), Ph.D. menjadi salah satu dari 12 dokter anak yang menerima penghargaan. Dan mereka pun telah dipilih dari 2.500 dokter anak se-Asia Pasifik.

Penghargaan tersebut merupakan buah dari perjuangannya selama 40 tahun dalam meneliti penyakit diare pada anak. Bersama Prof. Ruth Bishop dari Australia, ia meneliti infeksi yang disebabkan oleh rotavirus pada penderita diare di Indonesia. Penelitian ini menemukan hasil yang mengejutkan bahwa ternyata rotavirus lah yang menjadi penyebab utama penyakit diare di Indonesia.

Ia mengatakan sebagian besar bayi penderita diare yang disebabkan rotavirus memiliki kualitas hidup yang rendah. Bayi mengalami muntah secara terus-menerus, berak air, dan susah mengonsumsi makanan. Usus halusnya pun tak dapat berfungsi dengan baik.

Hasil penelitian tersebut pada akhirnya mengubah terapi pengobatan

Penemuan ini mengubah terapi pengobatan diare yang sebelumnya lebih banyak menggunakan antibiotik. Hasil penemuan tersebut pada akhirnya mendorong Pemerintah Indonesia untuk memproduksi vaksin rotavirus dengan harga yang cukup murah. Sebab, vaksin diare yang ada selama ini relatif mahal. Bekerja sama dengan Melbourne University dan PT Biofarma, vaksin tersebut direncanakan akan dipasarkan mulai tahun 2012 di Indonesia.

 ini gan ane kasih sejarahnya ferrari...

 

History

Enzo Ferrari never intended to produce road cars when he formed Scuderia Ferrari (literally "Ferrari Stable", and usually used to mean "Team Ferrari", it is correctly pronounced [skudeˈria] "skoo-deh-REE-ah") in 1928 as a sponsor for amateur drivers headquartered in Modena. Ferrari prepared, and successfully raced, various drivers in Alfa Romeo cars until 1938, when he was hired by Alfa Romeo to head their motor racing department.
In 1941, Alfa Romeo was confiscated by the Fascist government of Benito Mussolini as part of the Axis Powers' war effort. Enzo Ferrari's division was small enough to be unaffected by this. Because he was prohibited by contract from racing for four years, the Scuderia briefly became Auto Avio Costruzioni Ferrari, which ostensibly produced machine tools and aircraft accessories. Also known as SEFAC (Scuderia Enzo Ferrari Auto Corse), Ferrari did in fact produce one race car, the Tipo 815, in the non-competition period. It was the first actual Ferrari car (it debuted at the 1940 Mille Miglia), but due to World War II it saw little competition. In 1943 the Ferrari factory moved to Maranello, where it has remained ever since. The factory was bombed by the Allies in 1944 and rebuilt in 1946, after the war ended, and included a works for road car production. Until Il Commendatore's death, this would remain little more than a source of funding for his first love, racing.
The first Ferrari road car was the 1947 125 S, powered by a 1.5 L V12 engine; Enzo Ferrari reluctantly built and sold his automobiles to fund Scuderia Ferrari.^[3] While his beautiful and fast cars quickly gained a reputation for excellence, Enzo maintained a famous distaste for his customers.^{[citation needed]}
In 1988, Enzo Ferrari oversaw the launch of the Ferrari F40, the last new Ferrari to be launched before his death later that year, and arguably one of the most famous supercars ever made.
On May 17, 2009 in Maranello, Italy, a 1957 250 Testa Rossa (TR) was auctioned, by RM Auctions and Sotheby's, for $12.1 million — a world record at that time for the most expensive car ever sold at an auction. That record is now held by a Bugatti Atlantic which sold for over $28 million. ^[4]

[edit] Motorsport

For a complete list of Ferrari racing cars, see List of Ferrari competition cars.
Since the company's beginnings, Ferrari has been involved in motorsport, competing in a range of categories including Formula One and sports car racing through its Scuderia Ferrari sporting division as well as supplying cars and engines to other teams and for one make series.
The 1940 AAC 815 was the first racing car to be designed by Enzo Ferrari, although it was not badged as a Ferrari model.

[edit] Scuderia Ferrari

Scuderia Ferrari has participated in a number of classes of motorsport, though it is currently only involved in Formula One. It is the only team to have competed in the Formula One World Championship continuously since its inception in 1950. José Froilán González gave the team its first F1 victory at the 1951 British Grand Prix.
Alberto Ascari gave Ferrari its first Drivers Championship a year later. Ferrari is the oldest team in the championship, and the most successful: the team holds nearly every Formula One record. As of 2008^[update], the team's records include 15 World Drivers Championship titles (1952, 1953, 1956, 1958, 1961, 1964, 1975, 1977, 1979, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004 and 2007) 16 World Constructors Championship titles (1961, 1964, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1979, 1982, 1983, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2007 and 2008), 209 Grand Prix victories, 4925.27 points, 622 podium finishes, 203 pole positions, and 218 fastest laps in 776 Grands Prix contested.
Notable Ferrari drivers include José Froilán González, Tazio Nuvolari, Juan Manuel Fangio, Luigi Chinetti, Alberto Ascari, Wolfgang von Trips, Phil Hill, Olivier Gendebien, Mike Hawthorn, Peter Collins, Giancarlo Baghetti, John Surtees, Lorenzo Bandini, Ludovico Scarfiotti, Jacky Ickx, Mario Andretti, Clay Regazzoni, Niki Lauda, Carlos Reutemann, Jody Scheckter, Gilles Villeneuve, Didier Pironi, Patrick Tambay, René Arnoux, Michele Alboreto, Gerhard Berger, Nigel Mansell, Alain Prost, Jean Alesi, Eddie Irvine, Rubens Barrichello, Michael Schumacher, Kimi Räikkönen, Felipe Massa, and Fernando Alonso.
At the end of the 2006 season, the team courted controversy by continuing to allow Marlboro to sponsor them after they, along with the other F1 teams, made a promise to end sponsorship deals with tobacco manufacturers. A five year deal was agreed and although this is not due to end until 2011, in April 2008 Marlboro dropped their on-car branding on Ferrari.
The drivers competing for 2009 were Felipe Massa and defending champion Kimi Räikkönen. As of 2010 Fernando Alonso has started racing for Ferrari after racing for Renault, Minardi and Mclaren, filling Kimi Räikkönen's former seat.
In addition to Formula One, Ferrari also entered cars in sportscar racing, the two programs existing in parallel for many years.
In 1949, Luigi Chinetti drove a 166 M to Ferrari's first win in motorsports, the 24 Hours of Le Mans. Ferrari went on to dominate the early years of the World Sportscar Championship which was created in 1953, winning the title seven out of its first nine years.
When the championship format changed in 1962, Ferrari earned titles in at least one class each year through to 1965 and then again in 1967. Ferrari would win one final title, the 1972 World Championship of Makes before Enzo decided to leave sports car racing after 1973 and allow Scuderia Ferrari to concentrate solely on Formula One.
During Ferrari's seasons of the World Sportscars Championship, they also gained more wins at the 24 Hours of Le Mans, with the factory team earning their first in 1954. Another win would come in 1958, followed by five consecutive wins from 1960 to 1964. Luigi Chinetti's North American Racing Team (NART) would take Ferrari's final victory at Le Mans in 1965.
Although Scuderia Ferrari no longer participated in sports cars after 1973, they have occasionally built various successful sports cars for privateers. These include the BB 512 LM in the 1970s, the 333 SP which won the IMSA GT Championship in the 1990s, and currently the F430 GT2 and GT3 which are currently winning championships in their respective classes.

[edit] Race cars for other teams

Throughout its history, Ferrari has supplied racing cars to other entrants, aside from its own works Scuderia Ferrari team.
In the 1950s and 60s, Ferrari supplied Formula One cars to a number of private entrants and other teams. One famous example was Tony Vandervell's team, which raced the Thinwall Special modified Ferraris before building their own Vanwall cars. The North American Racing Team's entries in the final three rounds of the 1969 season were the last occasions on which a team other than Scuderia Ferrari entered a World Championship Grand Prix with a Ferrari car.^[5]
Ferrari supplied cars complete with V8 engines for the A1 Grand Prix series, from the 2008-09 season.^[6] The car was designed by Rory Byrne and is styled to resemble the 2004 Ferrari Formula one car.
The 599 GTB Fiorano and F430 GT are used in GT racing series. The Ferrari Challenge is a one make racing series for the Ferrari F430. Ferrari's latest supercar, the 2006 FXX is not road legal, and is therefore only used for track events.

[edit] Road cars

For a complete list, including future and concept car models, see List of Ferrari road cars.
Ferrari's first vehicle was the 125 S sports/racing model. In 1949, the Ferrari 166 Inter, the company's first move into the grand touring market, which continues to make up the bulk of Ferrari sales to the present day.
Several early cars featured bodywork customised by a number of coachbuilders such as Pininfarina, Zagato and Bertone.
The Dino was the first mid-engined Ferrari. This layout would go on to be used in most Ferraris of the 1980s and 1990s. V6 and V8 Ferrari models make up well over half of the marque's total production.
For a time, Ferrari built 2+2 versions of its mid-engined V8 cars. Although they looked quite different from their 2-seat counterparts, both the GT4 and Mondial were closely related to the 308 GTB.
The company has also produced front-engined 2+2 cars, culminating in the current 612 Scaglietti and California.
Ferrari entered the mid-engined 12-cylinder fray with the Berlinetta Boxer in 1973. The later Testarossa remains one of the most famous Ferraris.

[edit] Supercars

The company's loftiest efforts have been in the supercar market. The 1962 250 GTO may be considered the first in the line of Ferrari supercars, which extends to the recent Enzo Ferrari and FXX models.

[edit] Concept cars and specials

Ferrari has produced a number of concept cars, such as the Ferrari Mythos. While some of these were quite radical (such as the Ferrari Modulo) and never intended for production, others such as the Ferrari Mythos have shown styling elements which were later incorporated into production models.
The most recent concept car to be produced by Ferrari themselves was the 2010 Ferrari Millechili.
A number of one-off special versions of Ferrari road cars have also been produced, some of which have been commissioned by wealthy owners.
The Special Projects program is a collaboration by Ferrari with Italian automobile coachbuilders such as Fioravanti, Pininfarina, and Zagato to build custom cars using selected Ferrari models as a structural base. The first car under this program is the SP1, commissioned by a Japanese business executive. The second is the Ferrari P4/5, and the third is the P540 Superfast Aperta, commissioned by an American enthusiast.

[edit] Bio-fuel and hybrid cars

Ferrari has considered making hybrids. A F430 Spider that runs on ethanol was displayed at the 2008 Detroit Auto Show. Ferrari has announced that a hybrid will be in production by 2015. At the 2010 Geneva Motor Show, Ferrari unveiled a hybrid version of their flagship 599. Called the "HY-KERS Concept", Ferrari's hybrid system adds more than 100 horsepower on top of the 599 Fiorano's 612 HP.^[7]

[edit] Naming conventions

Until the early 1980s, Ferrari followed a three-number naming scheme based on engine displacement:

• V6 and V8 models used the total displacement (in decilitres) for the first two digits and the number of cylinders as the third. Thus, the 206 was a 2.0 L V6 powered vehicle, while the 348 used a 3.4 L V8, although, for the F355, the last digit refers to 5 valves per cylinder. Upon introduction of the 360 Modena, the digits for V8 models (which now carried a name as well as a number) refer only to total engine displacement. The numerical indication aspect of this name has carried on to the current V8 model, the F430. The F430's replacement, however, is the 458 Italia, which uses the same naming as the 206 and 348.
• V12 models used the displacement (in cubic centimetres) of one cylinder. Therefore, the famed 365 Daytona had a 4390 cc V12. However, some newer V12-engined Ferraris, such as the 599, have three-number designations that refer only to total engine displacement.
• Flat 12 (boxer) models used the displacement in litres. Therefore, the BB 512 was five litre flat 12 (a Berlinetta Boxer, in this case). However, the original Berlinetta Boxer was the 365 GT4 BB, which was named in a similar manner to the V12 models.
• Halo Car F followed by the anniversary in years, such as the F40 and F50. The Enzo skipped this rule, but it will return in the upcoming F70.
• Some models, such as the 1980 Mondial and the 1984 Testarossa did not follow a three-number naming scheme.

Most Ferraris were also given designations referring to their body style. In general, the following conventions were used:

• M ("Modificata"), placed at the end of a model's number, denotes a modified version of its predecessor and not a complete evolution (see F512 M and 575 M Maranello).
• GTB ("Gran Turismo Berlinetta") models are closed Berlinettas, or coupes.
• GTS ("Gran Turismo Spyder") in older models, are open Spyders (spelt "y"), or convertibles (see 365 GTS/4); however, in more recent models, this suffix is used for targa top models (see Dino 246 GTS, and F355 GTS; the exception being the 348 TS, which is the only targa named differently). The convertible models now use the suffix "Spider" (spelt "i") (see F355 Spider, and 360 Spider).
• GTO ("Gran Turismo Omologata"), placed at the end of a model's number, denotes a modified version of its predecessor. Indeed, those three letters designate a model which has been designed and improved for racetrack use while still being a street-legal model. Only three models bear those three letters; the 250 GTO of 1962, the 288 GTO of 1984 and more recently the 599 GTO of 2010 with its 671 horsepowers.

This naming system can be confusing, as some entirely different vehicles used the same engine type and body style. Many Ferraris also had other names affixed (like Daytona) to identify them further. Many such names are actually not official factory names. The Daytona name commemorates Ferrari's triple success in the February 1967 24 Hours of Daytona with the 330 P4.^[8] Only in the 1973 Daytona 24 Hours, a 365 GTB/4 model run by NART (who raced Ferrari's in America) ran second, behind a Porsche 911.^[9]
The various Dino models were named for Enzo's son, Dino Ferrari, and were marketed as Dinos by Ferrari and sold at Ferrari dealers—for all intents and purposes they are Ferraris.
In the mid 1990s, Ferrari added the letter "F" to the beginning of all models (a practice abandoned after the F512 M and F355, but adopted again with the F430).

[edit] Identity

The famous symbol of the Ferrari race team is the Cavallino Rampante ("prancing horse") black prancing stallion on a yellow shield, usually with the letters S F (for Scuderia Ferrari), with three stripes of green, white and red (the Italian national colors) at the top. The road cars have a rectangular badge on the hood (see picture above), and, optionally, the shield-shaped race logo on the sides of both front wings, close to the door.
On June 17, 1923, Enzo Ferrari won a race at the Savio track in Ravenna where he met the Countess Paolina, mother of Count Francesco Baracca, an ace of the Italian air force and national hero of World War I, who used to paint a horse on the side of his planes. The Countess asked Enzo to use this horse on his cars, suggesting that it would bring him good luck. The original "prancing horse" on Baracca's airplane was painted in red on a white cloud-like shape, but Ferrari chose to have the horse in black (as it had been painted as a sign of grief on Baracca's squadron planes after the pilot was killed in action) and he added a canary yellow background as this is the color of the city of Modena, his birthplace. The Ferrari horse was, from the very beginning, markedly different from the Baracca horse in most details, the most noticeable being the tail that in the original Baracca version was pointing downward.
Ferrari has used the cavallino rampante on official company stationery since 1929. Since the Spa 24 Hours of July 9, 1932, the cavallino rampante has been used on Alfa Romeos raced by Scuderia Ferrari.
The motif of a prancing horse is old, it can be found on ancient coins. A similar black horse on a yellow shield is the Coat of Arms of the German city of Stuttgart, home of Mercedes-Benz and the design bureau of Porsche, both being main competitors of Alfa and Ferrari in the 1930s. The city's name derives from Stutengarten, an ancient form of the German word Gestüt, which translates into English as stud farm and into Italian as scuderia. Porsche also includes the Stuttgart sign in its corporate logo, centred in the emblem of the state of Württemberg. Stuttgart's Rössle has both rear legs firmly planted on the soil, like Baracca's horse, but unlike Ferrari's cavallino.
Fabio Taglioni used the cavallino rampante on his Ducati motorbikes, as Taglioni was born at Lugo di Romagna like Baracca, and his father too was a military pilot during WWI (although not part of Baracca's squadron, as is sometimes mistakenly reported). As Ferrari's fame grew, Ducati abandoned the horse- perhaps the result of a private agreement between the two companies.
The cavallino rampante is the visual symbol of Ferrari. Cavallino Magazine uses the name, but not the logo. However, other companies use similar logos: Avanti, an Austrian company operating over 100 filling stations, uses a prancing horse logo which is nearly identical to Ferrari's, as does Iron Horse Bicycles. Many pay homage to the Ferrari logo, e.g. the Jamiroquai album Travelling Without Moving.

[edit] Colour

Since the 1920s, Italian race cars of Alfa Romeo, Maserati and later Ferrari and Abarth were (and often still are) painted in "race red" (Rosso Corsa). This was the customary national racing color of Italy, as recommended between the World Wars by the organizations that later would become the FIA. It refers to the nationality of the competing team, not that of the car manufacturer or driver. In that scheme, French-entered cars like Bugatti were blue, German like Benz and Mercedes white (since 1934 also bare sheet metal silver), and British green such as the mid 1960s Lotus and BRM, for instance.
Curiously, Ferrari won the 1964 World championship with John Surtees by competing the last two races in North America with cars painted in the US-American race colors white and blue, as these were not entered by the Italian factory themselves, but by the U.S.-based North American Racing Team (NART) team. This was done as a protest concerning arguments between Ferrari and the Italian Racing Authorities regarding the homologation of a new mid-engined Ferrari race car.

[edit] Corporate affairs

In 1969, FIAT purchased controlling interests in Ferrari and Lancia and also made a buy back of 29% in Ferrari for $800m in 2006.
Ferrari also has an internally managed merchandising line that licenses many products bearing the Ferrari brand, including eyewear, pens, pencils, electronic goods, perfume, cologne, clothing, high-tech bicycles, watches, cell phones, and even laptop computers.
Ferrari also runs a museum, the Galleria Ferrari in Maranello, which displays road and race cars and other items from the company's history.

[edit] Technical partnerships

Ferrari has had a long standing relationship with Shell Oil. It is a technical partnership with Ferrari and Ducati to test as well as supply fuel and oils to the Formula One, MotoGP and World Superbike racing teams. For example, the Shell V-Power premium gasoline fuel has been developed with the many years of technical expertise between Shell and Ferrari. ^[10]
Ferrari have had agreements to supply Formula One engines to a number of other teams over the years, and currently supply Scuderia Toro Rosso and Sauber.